All publications by Paul tournier

From world-renowned manufacturers of sophisticated machinery to modest businesses hiring a contractor to install air conditioning in their premises, any company may one day face a dispute involving complex technical issues requiring court-ordered expert investigations.

Such preparatory inquiries are, in fact, almost unavoidable in this type of litigation.

Companies must therefore understand how court-ordered expert investigations work to ensure they are conducted in a manner that respects their procedural rights.

In the business world, companies may suffer various forms of damage due to wrongful actions by competitors, partners, or other economic actors. Understanding the mechanisms of compensation is essential for businesses seeking to defend their interests.

It is, therefore, important to define the scope of compensable damage under French law, to identify the characteristics of damage that must be established to claim compensation, and to be aware of the types of damage for which companies can seek redress.

In the era of economic liberalism, opening markets to competition is widely encouraged in modern societies.

In France, freedom of trade and industry is a long-standing principle, first proclaimed after the French Revolution by the so-called Allarde Decree of March 2 and 17, 1791.

This fundamental principle, that was given constitutional value by the French Constitutional Council in a decision dated January 16, 1982, has one key exception: Unfair competition.